Sociodemographic characteristics included racial notice-class (light otherwise non-white e.g. black colored, brown, red, or indigenous), place of residence (urban or rural), education (0–cuatro, 5–8, 9–eleven, or ? twelve ages), and you may monthly household income for every single capita from inside the tertiles (reasonable, center, or large). The brand new metropolitan–outlying group are according to the actions used by the Brazilian Institute out-of Geography and Analytics (in Portuguese, IBGE) inside 2010 population census out of management limits put down of the regional guidelines. Contained in this for each municipality’s borders, this type of regional regulations expose an imaginary line entitled “urban fringe”. The census tracts receive for the “urban perimeter” is called urban, while the remaining areas is actually designated outlying. Additional recommendations is actually received due to a face-to-face interview on participant’s house.
Anthropometric details
Height was measured in centimeters (cm) using a portable vertical stadiometer (NutriVida®, Brazil) with the participants barefoot with legs and feet parallel, weight distributed on both feet, arms relaxed at the sides, palms facing the body, and head in the Frankfurt horizontal plane. Weight was measured in kilograms (kg) using a portable digital scale (SECA®, Germany) with participants barefoot. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the ratio between weight in kilograms (kg) and height in square meters (m 2 ). BMI cutoff points were based on the World Health Organization recommendation: underweight (< 18.5> 94 cm in men and > 80 cm in women were considered “increased” since they are associated with a higher risk of metabolic complications . All anthropometric variables were measured twice during the home visit by trained interviewers and the mean of the measurements was used in the analyses. Further information can be seen in the handbook on the survey homepage (
Statistical research
Additionally, we provided information on the most prevalent chronic diseases diagnosed by a physician in our sample. Secondly, fractional polynomial regression models were fitted to estimate the percentiles (P5, P10, P20, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P95) of HGS by age group and sex. This method provides smooth centile curves and explicit formulae for the percentile estimates. Diagnostic tests were used to evaluate the model fit (normal plot of the Z-scores, Shapiro–Wilk test, and residuals plot). The model was fitted by maximum likelihood, which accounts for non-normal skewness and/or kurtosis in the data . Thirdly, HGS centile curves for men and women were plotted in charts. Finally, unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models separate for men and women were created to investigate the sociodemographic and anthropometric variables associated with muscle weakness, being estimated the odds ratio (OR) with 95%CI. Variables with p < 0.20>
Abilities
Figure 1 describes the flow chart of the participants throughout the study. Our analytical sample was composed of 7905 participants aged 50–101 years (63.1 ± 9.1 years): 3162 men (63.2 ± 8.7 years) and 4743 women (63.1 ± 9.4 years). The excluding participants were similar to including participants regarding sex (p = 0.092), schooling (p = 0.813), and monthly household income per capita (p = 0.189) but tended to be older (? 80 years: 11.8% vs. 6.5%, respectively, p < 0.001).
The features of one’s investigation players by sex is visible during the Desk step one. In both sexes, very players was indeed low-light, lived-in the newest town, had 0–cuatro several years of schooling, and you will demonstrated increased waist width. Towards Body mass index, fat try the most frequent category for men (42.9%), if you are over weight and carrying excess fat got nearly comparable frequencies for women (thirty six.9% and you may thirty five.4%, respectively). Off persistent problems, forty two.1% of participants advertised having a healthcare diagnosis out-of arterial blood pressure level, 17.4% of all forms of diabetes mellitus, eleven.5% off osteoporosis, eight.4% off cardiovascular system problems (angina, myocardial infarction, and you may cardiovascular system failure), and 5.7% of breathing sickness (symptoms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary condition).