Aside from the masculine suffix -ec, which had been above-mentioned by the Vidovic-Muha (), the research including refers to the latest Slovenian masculine suffix -ar
The initial area of the report concerns the fresh derivation from feminine and you will male nouns to have procedures inside English and you can Slovenian. The analysis shows that the newest dominant version of feminine nouns inside the each other languages pertains to derivation thru affixation, while you are English comes with the compounding. Masculinatives are rare in languages; he is generally molded regarding disciplines which have been usually considered the main women areas. The latest suffix is not effective but may be present in the expression babicar (‘male midwife’). The most known difference between the two languages is that contemporary English seems to be abandoning the effective use of gender-designated versions (except for the latest uncommon feminatives one to are still), while into the Slovenian, as the confirmed by corpus research, making use of feminatives is on the rise. The main cause of so it asymmetry try grounded on the fact English has a near low-existent grammatical gender program, and in most cases uses a similar terms to describe an excellent man or woman in a specific industry. Ergo, when it comes to women referents the application of female nouns has become well-known, just like the access to masculine general versions is on the newest decline.
All of our corpus research signifies that the difference anywhere between male and you will female nouns having specialities should be revealed of the exploring their collocators, semantic preferences, and semantic relationships (Sinclair 1996 and you may Philip 2010).
Slovenian nouns denoting procedures enjoys clear referents for gender, and their modern-day use – latvian jenter for ekteskap evidenced in the corpora – reveals a definite desire on the contract anywhere between grammatical and you may physiological genders
The newest collocators of English male and you can feminine nouns towards checked out professions (actress/star, policewoman/policeman in waitress/waiter) demonstrates that it show particular semantic environments: associated professions; cities and surroundings with the community; personal brands; conditions outlining the caliber of the things they’re doing; while the typical actions of this field. Particular specific associative significance also are shown whenever we check this new collocators discussing human traits and appear. The fresh feminatives will co-can be found which have words getting stereotypically feminine personality traits and personality (together with sexual
connotations). This is exactly in accordance with Caldas-Coulthard and Moonlight (2010), who define such asymmetries having stereotypes regarding gender, sexualization of women, plus with age and you can behavior.
Slovenian masculine/female sets to have specialities show comparable findings. Out-of semantic liking, we are able to observe phrases associated with typical methods; typical metropolises and surroundings; relevant specialities; character traits; and appearance. The corpus study including tell you particular high distinctions. The pairs out-of Slovenian male and you may women nouns referring to specialities can be put into a couple of organizations. The first you to constitutes pairs that will be semantically comparable and you can stylistically un), since sets in the 2nd classification try subject to (a degree of) semantic narrowing and you will stylistic marking.
A prototype towards the basic classification ‘s the couples zdravnica/zdravnik (‘female/men doctor’), both of that may co-can be found that have words dealing with the kind of work, normal strategies and you will relevant professions. The female nouns this kind of sets is actually stylistically unmarked. A comparable completion can be attained to your pairs sodnica/sodnik (‘female/male judge’) and you may vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj (‘female/men kindergarten teacher’), but with a caveat. The type of the two sodnica/sodnik overlap in the areas out-of rules and recreation; but not, the knowledge as well as reflect the fresh new personal updates of one’s profession – the first ranking (age.grams., constitutional judges) continue to be primarily kepted for males. The two vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj can be defined as an excellent borderline instance ranging from noted and unmarked meaning. The brand new corpus data suggest an amount of semantic narrowing and you may stylistic marking: the definition out of “professor in students dormitory” relates to dudes, as entry to adjectives (patient women and you will tight men) items to gender stereotyping.